Geology is unthinkable without calculations of many millions of years of Earth's history. During this time, all objects and forces operating on the planet change enormously. Rocks melt like clouds, glaciers flow like fast rivers, sea coasts sink into the water and come up like swimmers stranded, forests and meadows, lakes and mountains wander on the earth's surface, living beings sweep like dust motes in a hurricane. Geology is a historical science. She studies natural processes in their course, in time. And geological time is very different from the periods of life we are used to. It is extremely difficult to imagine and understand it. Darwin's theory of the origin of species by natural selection appeared half a century after Cuvier's work. But Cuvier thoroughly comprehended the secrets of the structure of living beings. He was a great paleontologist, studied many extinct species, but did not really say anything about their evolution and connection with modern animals, because he had no idea about the extraordinary duration of the geological history of the Earth. After Cuvier, there was Lyell. He justified the concept of "geological time". And noted: "The gradual emergence of new species is a solid link in the economy of the Earth's system." Darwin's theory is unthinkable without these geological ideas. And the glacial theory could not appear until geography and geology finally emerged from their infancy. It was possible to talk about the ice Age only when the climates of other geological periods became clear, at least in general terms. That is, the science of the climates of the past — paleoclimatology - has emerged. James Hutton, a prominent geologist at the end of the XVIII century, said: "The ruins of the ancient world are visible in the present structure of our planet." The modern relief of the Earth: valleys, ridges, hills — everything bears the stamp of the past. Geomorphology studies the origin of various landforms. Kropotkin mainly relied on it when creating the glacial theory. The science of glaciology studies modern ice and glaciers. Without understanding modernity, it is hardly conceivable to comprehend the past. Studies of Alpine glaciers served as the basis for the first hypotheses about the great glaciation. These ideas were further strengthened after scientists got acquainted with the Greenland Ice Sheet. It was no longer a mountain glacier, but a mainland one, covering the entire giant island with all its hills, valleys and plains.
At the end of the last century, geologists came to the conclusion that Greenland is not only a semblance of the ancient glacial covers of North America and Europe, but also remains a relic of the glacial era. Scientists have studied glacial deposits on modern glaciers. At the end of the last century, geographer Credner penetrated into the depths of the Pasteur Glacier (Alps) through ice caves and galleries. He managed to describe the bottom moraine in its natural occurrence, in the process of its accumulation: "...At the arches of the ice cave, between the ice and the bedrock, a real pallet moraine in its primitive form is deposited. It consists of a delicate, and with sufficient water, porridge-like gray clay, to which they are mixed... the smallest grains and fragments; in addition, it is crowded with more or less large, angular or rounded, and sometimes scratched boulders, of which the most significant are tightly squeezed between the ice and the glacier bed. The described pallet moraine, even in such a softened form, approaches the boulder clay of Northern Germany in its structure; its samples taken after drying could hardly be distinguished from the lighter difference of the latter." In addition to geographical observations, geologists needed the ability to penetrate into the geological past and restore it. And for that, you need a watch. For example, the remains of living creatures can serve as a geological clock. Species of animals and plants have appeared and died out over the long history of the Earth in strict sequence. Many species lived only in a certain period of geological time. According to them, you can create a geological calendar. This is what paleontology does. Our ancestors, fossil humanoid creatures (anthropoids), lived and died out naturally. They were associated with changes in the environment and, in particular, with the history of the great glaciers. Hence, anthropology and archaeology are added to the list. A special science, geochronology, is devoted to the problems of geological time (more precisely, to the search and research of "geological clocks"). Some sciences of Quaternary geology in the last century had a significant impact on the development of glacial theory. Девушка поняла, что самец с таким большим членом сможет довести ее до оргазма
Geology of the Earth
Nov
23
2023
Tập Khí - Bài Học Nghiệp Lực